Book Review – Future Weapons
Kevin Dockery.

Kevin Dockery is a former military armorer for Nixon and Ford. He served in Desert Storm, and has written extensively on the Navy SEALS, and gun-smithing. He provides not only the data associated with weapons of the future, but he provides plenty of images, at least two per weapon.

Future Weapons drops the reader into action with the first machine-gun, amidst one of the trenches of Flanders as Private Stormer leaps inside, dealing death with his bolt-action rifle. The action leaps into Vietnam as grunts slug it out with Charlie. Finally it plunges the great-grandson of Private Stormer into modern Iraq as he fires on an insurgent sniper.

The author then provides an overview of the newest weapons on the battlefield. He begins with rifles, providing data and background on not only on the newer weapons but the older ones too. Like the XM8? He has it. Tavor-21? He has it. SCAR? He has it. AK-47? He has it. There is a wealth of information, But it’s not just the background details, the technical information makes the even the well-learned salivate. The author provides not only the caliber and sighting, but the muzzle energy, load, sight radius, and cyclic rate of fire of each weapon.

Dockery then describes the newest advances in rifle magazines. Magazine, weight, material, and other data that any gun-fan would require. Pistols are also covered, from the Luger to the Taser. The author provides data on these, present, past, and future.

Submachine guns are then subjected to an overview – Heckler & Koch, Uzi, plus many more. The history and future of these weapons is catered for in in depth. Finally, Dockery turns to grenade launchers, from the XM320 to the XM8 attachment. New grenade designs, launchers, and anything else you would want to know about weapons of this nature.

Overall the book provides a delightful oversight of what the armies of tomorrow may wield. From the XM8, sleek and refined, to the traditional AK-47, this book is for casual military men, and those who enjoy a good made gun.

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Maps of the participants of World War II, Allies of World War II Signposted green, light green country depicting color, joined after the attack on Pearl Harbor. An orange indicated Fascists country bloc. Countries designated neutral gray color.

Allies Greatbritain The Soviet Union USA France China

Countries Axles Germany Italy Japan Bulgaria Hungary Spain Romania Slovakia Finland Croatia

Occupied Belgium Greece Denmark Netherlands Norway Poland Czech Republic Yugoslavia

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PUBLISHER’S NOTE
For better or worse, warfare is one of mankind’s defining tendencies. Coercion by organized violence has played a crucial role in human life since prehistory, and the need for battlefield advantages has provided a continual impetus to the development of science and technology.
This book contains over 700 illustrations covering the history of weapons and armor in primarily the preindustrial West from ancient times until the eighteenth century, with a particular emphasis on European cultures of the Medieval and Renaissance periods. The contents are arranged chronologically, and each plate has a caption identifying nationality and date of origin, where known. Four plates of nonspecific decorative illustrations incorporating motifs from the periods covered are included at the end of the book.

Greek, Roman and Egyptian.

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Continuing in the traditions of DK’s Eye Witness series, Weapon provides an enlightening inventory of the tools that have helped shape world history

With an atlas-worthy hardcover binding that begs to be lain flat and glossy, image-bedecked pages that make doing so entirely worth it, Weapon is a photographic foray through the armories of history’s most influential warrior-classes and military organizations. Beginning with the first stone-wrought tools raised in anger and concluding with cutting-edge weaponry born of the coldest scientific processes, this is a tome sure to satisfy, with a melding of academic fact-finding and artistic presentation.

Weapons in Mass Depiction

By far, the most potent feature in this book’s arsenal is its imagery, and although obviously intended for an audience with an appreciation for martial implements, this is no mere gun-porn compilation. Indeed, referring to it as such would be akin to placing a biology textbook image of the naked body or a Renaissance nude in the same category as a Penthouse foldout.

The photography in Weapon is on par with what one would expect from a visual encyclopedia, and given the intricate detail and, often enough, artistic craftsmanship of the equipment photographed, only those with a truly militant opposition to the means and methods of war would prove unable to appreciate this eye-catching collection. With one- or even two-page spreads a common feature, the long hours of focus and skill that went into shaping the first edged stone knives are as clear as the technological understanding and precision embodied in a modern assault rifle.

Shots of spears and flintlocks are not the only treats for the photo fans however, as a wide variety of historical military depictions are interspersed throughout, ranging from stone carvings of Roman legionaries on the march, to Renaissance paintings of Napoleonic conflict and photographs of Word War II battlefields. Of particular interest to those with a mind for art and illustration are the double-page images used to represent each respective military era. The chapter on Medieval combat features an elaborate tapestry of the 16th century Battle of Pavia, while a later section on modern armament includes a photograph of a deployed SWAT team that is so stark and detailed that the dents in a riot shield can be discerned.

More than a Pretty Picture

While it is the visual learners who will take the most enjoyment from this book, Weapon is not shy on text. Succinct paragraphs are arranged among pictures in DK’s trademark Eye Witness style, and are segmented in a way that allows the reader to transfer attention easily from words to adjacent images and back without worry of losing their spot.

Particularly informative are Weapon’s “Great Warriors” sections, which can be found scattered throughout its pages in accordance with the chronological era-by-era procession. These two-page profiles act as micro-biographies for some particularly prominent breeds of soldiers, such as the Greek hoplite, Zulu warrior, Roman legionary, Japanese Samurai, British Redcoat and U.S. Navy SEAL. Aside from providing further enlightenment, these components also act as anchoring points, putting the weapons and equipment used by each unique combatant into historical context, and thus saving Weapon from coming across as one described implement after another and reverting into little more than a glorified Sears’ catalogue for mercenaries.

With top-notch photography, informative content provided by a stable of military scholars and presentation of the highest quality, this is a book that can be enjoyed and appreciated by even those not normally inclined toward martial topics. Whether you’re in the market for a research aid, possessed of an avid interest in military history or simply looking for a coffee table occupant that doesn’t feature the mansions of the royal family or kittens at play, adding Weapon to your repertoire will leave you satisfied with your purchase and well-armed with.

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MOSCOW, August 11. / PRIME-TASS. Russia is not at war with Georgia, and only trying to protect the population of South Ossetia, the Russian peacekeepers. As reported by ITAR-TASS on Saturday, said deputy head of Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Grigory Karasin in an interview with the television CNN.

“Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili its decision, namely, the beginning of aggression against South Ossetia, yugoosetinsky betrayed the people and all those who tried to resolve the situation through negotiations” – is convinced Russian diplomat said. “On the night of August 8, Saakashvili launched the situation back to the situation in 1992 – believes G. Karasin. – It is necessary to turn the situation in reverse, the withdrawal of Georgian troops to the border security zone in accordance with the contract in 1992.” “But now people are unlikely to forget these actions Saakashvili,” – a diplomat remarked.

G. Karasin recalled that Russia 3-4 over the years insisted that Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia signed an agreement on non-use of force. But Tbilisi “was not prepared to discuss the treaty.” If you live in multi-ethnic society, “must convince their people / Ossetians, Abkhazians / that live in a world better than war,” the Russian diplomat remarked. “It is useless to restore territorial integrity, shooting civilians from rockets,” – he pointed out.

“This drama Georgia, South Ossetia and Russia – stressed G. Karasin. – And a person who began it – this is the president of Georgia.”

On the streets of Tskhinvali almost no people: some have fled the city, while others have moved into basements.

Tskhinvali completely destroyed. Gore administrative buildings, destroyed a hospital, university, theater, part razbomblena fire, burned town peacekeepers. Local residents, many of whom are women and children, hiding in basements. They have no water, food, medical care. The only road on which they can leave the city, constantly shelled from mortars and installations “Grad”. The Russian army is to help, but too slowly.
And so began. By the evening of August 7, many in Tskhinvali thought that catastrophe could be prevented. However, South Ossetian Security Council Secretary Anatoly Barankevich went several times to journalists with reports that Tbilisi is about to begin the storming of the city.
But then in Tskhinvali госминистр appeared on the reintegration of Georgia Temur Yakobashvili. His arrival was some reason to wrap o mystery. Yakobashvili went straight to the headquarters of peacekeepers, where he met with the commander Marat Kulahmetovym. At the same time with him or a bit later in Tskhinvali came Ambassador-at-Large MFA Russia Yury Popov. At that time, shelling of the city, which went almost all day, stopped. Late in the evening to journalists came Popov, Kulahmetov and co-chairman of the CCM South Ossetia Boris Chochiev. They told the joyful news: the parties have reached agreement on the following day at 13.00, with the mediation of Russia will meet Yakobashvili and Chochieva, and before that time the framework of full ceasefire on both sides. Many residents of South Ossetia, which several previous nights spent in basements, while known otleglo from the heart. They are for the first time in a long time quietly went to bed in their beds, not yet knowing what will be their awakening. The city prevailed absolute silence.
Later we find that all this was nothing more than a tactical course of Tbilisi, aimed at usyplenie vigilance Ossetians and Russians. All had already been decided, preparations for the storming was in full swing. Need a factor of surprise. Interesting in this case the role of Mr. Yakobashvili, certainly could not be aware of the plans of his leadership.
At about 23.30 all journalists urgently summoned from the hotel to the headquarters of peacekeepers. The commander was going to make a statement. We are prepared cameras and dictaphones, a commander, and at this moment somewhere in the territory fell mine headquarters. A mortar attack from the Georgian side. Prior to this, I emphasize, there was dead silence. Ossetia side will not open fire.
All kinulis in opposite directions. I zabezhala with several colleagues in any bathroom, where we, together with the Ossetian peacekeeping battalion prosideli midnight. During this time, several more mines fell into the territory of Staff. The city had been “Grady”, artillery, mortars. Beale did not sighting, nakryvaya entire city, residential quarters. Apply air. Then went tanks.
By the morning was already razbomblena Republican Hospital, where all-night bring the wounded. The hospital burned, wounded later in the basement, where they are, apparently, and now are under the ruins buildings. Remove them nowhere and it is impossible, because the shelling continuing. The wounded were in hospital about one and a half hundreds. Particularly intense strikes applied for a government complex, he burned. Unknown fate of the staff an information centre, which was located in a government compound. Maybe they were in the building, because recently worked at night. Completely destroyed house of parliament, razbombleny Ministry of Internal Affairs, theater, university, hotel “Iriston”, part of the fire. “Upper Village” peacekeepers direct-fire shot from tanks and burned. Officially say 15 dead peacekeepers, but according to unofficial information, their much more. They say that intelligence officers from the Chechen battalions Yamadaeva lost 20 people.
Somewhere in the middle of the night we perebezhali of peacekeeping camp in the hotel basement “Alan”, in which at 4 – the first floor lived almost all journalists working in Tskhinvali. Later, during the day, hotel bombed and shot direct fire from tanks, which will be destroyed exactly 4 – floor. This suggests that it is for journalists beaten, with missiles could lead to signals of mobile phones.
The bombing was the city throughout the night, six hours to slightly subsided. By the hotel came detachment Ossetian fighters, who reported that the Georgians entered the city. Around 7 o’clock in the morning appeared information that 58 – the Russian army, I moved the Russian-Georgian border and moving here. I met a friend among the fighters Alan, a staff member of one of the power structures of South Ossetia. “Russian tanks already part of the city – he said. — We need a bit more kept “. All they were waiting for Russian tanks, and this was understandable: unequal forces, armed with machine guns and rocket launchers fighters – against tanks, artillery and aviation. A Russian tanks were not all.
Beale already specifically for the hotel. Judging by the sounds of automaton bursts, somewhere nearby street were already fighting. We perebezhali with two colleagues to be exposed to fire across the street and jump over the fence in someone’s garden. The landlady at home, where we vbezhali, silently pointed us in the cellar. There, we spent the whole day on 8 August and all of the following night.
After about half an hour after we left the hotel, poslyshalsya roar of moving tanks. The tanks were passing by our basement to the street, shooting at residential homes around. These were clearly not Russian tanks. At the square in front of the hotel to engage in battle. Then we have seen in the area hit three Georgian tank: approximately two hundred meters from our house and a little away, closer to the peacekeeping headquarters. Eyewitnesses reported that one of the tanks podbil personally yugoosetinskogo Security Council Secretary Anatoly Barankevich.
Meanwhile, somewhere very near the Georgian hear it clearly. Someone in someone fired from rifles and pistols, bullets tinkle on the walls of our homes. Then began a mortar attack. Beale, apparently just for houses, mines lie closer and closer. Hours to four all subsided. When we vyglyanuli on the street, then saw there Ossetian military. “The victory – he said. — We shot down two Georgian aircraft. We broke them out of town. Now, several hours will be quiet “. Indeed, the balance of the day and night passed almost complete silence. It was at this time of the Russian aviation and artillery suppressed the main point of enemy firepower.
The streets of Tskhinvali Coast broken branches of trees, broken glass, rubble water pipes, fragments of destroyed houses. All face the broken machine. People sit on the cellar, not knowing anything about what was happening outside. Mobile communication practically does not work: it suppresses Georgia. By signals ringtones leads artillery fire. For example, the House co-chairman of CCM (the Joint Control Commission) Boris Chochieva covered with mines after he spoke several times by telephone.
The next morning we joined the rest of journalists who perezhidali bombing in a bunker on the territory of peacekeeping headquarters. Besides them, there were many women and children, nab so many people that many spent the night stand, as in a crowded subway car. On the afternoon of Saturday, began fighting again. Throughout the day headquarters fired from tanks and mortars. On the part of Nikozi in the city had become the Georgian infantry, about 300 people. Again street fighting began. The Russian peacekeepers, the attack was repelled, Georgians lost several dozen people. The same day, an attempt was repelled a tank assault on the city and tank attack on Zarskuyu road.
This road remains the only for those who want to break out of this hell. The evening of 9 August, most journalists have decided at their own risk chosen on the road from burning city. The entire road of Russian armoured stoned, which is incomprehensible reason, has not yet reached the city. The road fired mortars, truth, mines fell quite far. Shelled the bridge. Once a mortar attack began when we stood in a traffic jams as a result of movements of large numbers of armoured vehicles. Runs past a military screamed that Georgians Surkhakhi 40 “Grad”, which is about to strike on the convoy. But all cost, at least for us.

Chronicle of War in South Ossetia: second day

9 August in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Russian troops have begun “Operation peace enforcement”.

(Moscow Time)

9 AUGUST 2008 YEAR

23:51 Azerbaijan from August 9, has suspended its oil transit through Georgia. At the same time, Georgia asserts that the entire transit of oil through its territory is in the same volume.

23:25 In South Ossetia wounded two journalists TV “NEWS”. Three members of film crew “Vestey” wounded secondary degrees.

22:41 FMs of EU countries will convene for an emergency meeting on the situation in South Ossetia. President of France – the EU countries – ordered an emergency meeting of Foreign Ministers of European Union on the situation in South Ossetia.

22:24 Russia denied Georgian media reports about undermining Rokskogo tunnel. At the tunnel, told representatives pogranupravleniya of North Ossetia, continue to evacuate the wounded.

22:05 Georgian authorities claimed that in South Ossetia killed 82 people. Georgia has new data about their losses: 45 soldiers and 37 civilians.

21:40 Vzorvan Roksky tunnel linking Russia and South Ossetia. Georgian media that link to sources in the Defense Ministry, announced that the Roksky tunnel, which moved to South Ossetia unit of Russian troops, blown up.

20:38 Putin demanded an end to the aggression in South Ossetia. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin appealed to the Georgian authorities to immediately stop the aggression against South Ossetia and to respect the rights of other peoples.

20:38 Georgian tanks trying to isolate the North from South Ossetia. Georgian troops are trying to seize control of the Zarskoy road, which connects Tskhinvali ties with North Ossetia.

20:22 Russia has not received any concrete proposals from Saakashvili. Russian siloviki have not received any offers from Mikhail Saakashvili on a cease-fire in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. Meanwhile, Georgian President twice during the August 9, has publicly stated that the Russian side proposed an immediate cease-fire.

Medvedev 19:39 Saakashvili proposed cease fire. Meanwhile, media have reported that Georgian tanks preparing to attack on Tskhinvali. According to the latest data, some machines already pierce the line of defense and entered the city. South Ossetia military claimed that they were able podbit three tank.

19:12 Zanyatsya peaceful settlement in South Ossetia decided to Iran.

19:10 During the storming of the Georgian Tskhinvali destroyed 10 tanks. Yugoosetinskie military claimed that they were able podbit more than a dozen Georgian tanks during the attack on the outskirts of Tskhinvali.

19:00 Georgia: Russian Black Sea Fleet forces moving to the coast of Abkhazia.

18:35 Ukraine and Estonia have decided to provide non-military assistance to Georgia.

From 18:30 Batumi go to South Ossetia road with “NATO equipment”.

18:00 Saakashvili: Georgia athletes can leave the Olympics in protest.

17:54 Saakashvili “eliminated” 66 Russian spetsnazovtsev. Georgian units eliminated 60 spetsnazovtsev Russian GRU, said on Saturday Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili. According to him, the fight was at an altitude Tiakani in the Tskhinvali region. Confirmations this information from Russian sources not.

17:44 wounded in the conflict zone journalist “Komsomolskaya Pravda”. Earlier erroneously reported that the journalist was killed.

17:44 Russian Ambassador to Georgia: In 2000 the assault Tskhinvali killed civilians. The victims of shelling, air assault and Tskhinvali have at least two million civilians capital of South Ossetia.

17:19 Russian soldiers: Georgia had planned to seize Tskhinvali per night. This is reflected in documents seized at the site of deployment of Georgian troops in the conflict zone.

17:19 The Ministry of Health of Georgia: 55 people died. According to the Ministry of Health of Georgia, during the fighting and shelling in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict killed 55 people, of whom 15 – civilians. According to the Russian side for a half day conflict killed between 13 and 15 Russian peacekeepers. In Tskhinvali believe that victims of aggression became the Georgian people until 1500.

17:15 Medvedev Bush outlined his vision for developments in South Ossetia. On Saturday had a telephone conversation between presidents of Russia and the United States, in which Dmitry Medvedev explained George Bush tasks Russia in South Ossetia. This – coercion Georgian side to peace, as well as protecting the lives and dignity of its citizens. Bëär also presented his assessment of the situation in the unrecognized republic.

17:13 Georgian military to shoot down a Russian Tu-22 bomber with the help of the Ukrainian air defense system. Russian long-range bomber Tu-22 action was shot down over Georgia’s long-range anti-aircraft missile action, presumably S-200; felt in the Defense Ministry source, the complex air defense was put to Georgia from Ukraine.

17:08 Moscow plans to appeal to the Hague Tribunal and the Strasbourg court to investigate the circumstances of the death of Russian peacekeepers.

16:38 Russian diplomats: On the territory of Georgia “blocked all sites with the domain *. ru”. In Georgia, blocked Internet resources in the blast zone. Ru, Spokesman for the Russian Embassy in Georgia Alexander Savinov. Confirmations this information from other sources has not.

16:35 Bagapsh: Abkhazia began armed operations against Georgia in the upper Kodori Valley. The Abkhaz forces launched missile and bomb strikes at the place of Georgian troops in Kodori Gorge.

16:30 AFP: on Georgian TV showed the deceased “Russian pilot”.

16:00 George W. Bush called on Russia to halt the bombing of Georgia. U.S. President George W. Bush after a telephone conversation with Saakashvili said that Russia should stop bombing in the conflict zone in South Ossetia.

15:54 Georgian media called the name of the Russian pilot shot down. In captivity to the Georgian military has got Colonel Igor Zinov.

15:54 Georgian side reported the detention of three Russian pilots.

15:20 Martial law introduced in Georgia for 15 days. Georgian parliament on Saturday at the extraordinary meeting unanimously approved a decree of President Mikhail Saakashvili, the imposition of martial law throughout the republic. Martial law introduced on August 9 with a period of 15 days.

15:14 Russian peacekeepers: Georgian military surrender and leave the position at yugoosetinskoy capital Tskhinvali, the fight is in the village of Nikozi.

15:11 Russian peacekeepers are fighting with the Georgian army for Prisskie Heights, where is located the last point of the Georgian artillery fire.

14:52 Saakashvili proposes to cease hostilities in the Tskhinvali region. Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili proposed to “immediately stop the fire” in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict and to “begin the withdrawal of troops from lininii ground”. These proposals Georgian President voiced at the briefing. For more than a day military operation of Georgia died, according to preliminary data, up to a half thousand people.

14:41 “News-Georgia”: Russian air force attacked the Kodori Gorge near the border of Abkhazia. Earlier the same news to tell about how the Russian army was allegedly “stamped” Georgian troops from the territory of South Ossetia and detained some 10 “mercenaries”.

14:27 South Ossetia from Russia asked for assistance in the recognition of independence. The Committee on Information and Press of South Ossetia appealed to “people and leadership of Russia” to help in recognizing the independence of the unrecognized republic. “To live in the fascist state of Georgia does not seem possible. Please, legal, legal aid in the recognition of independence of the Republic of South Ossetia “, – reads the text posted on the site committee reports.

13:55 Georgian artillery resumed shelling the headquarters of Russian peacekeepers. Around 13:55 9 August Georgian artillery resumed shelling the positions of Russian peacekeepers in Tskhinvali.

13:30 FM Eka Tkeshelashvili Georgia: Tbilisi maintains diplomatic ties with Moscow.

13:07 Georgian media: One Russian pilot killed, one was in captivity. One of the pilots shot down in the zone of Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Russian Air Force planes were killed, one – hit the prisoner to the Georgian military, claimed Georgian journalists. According to them, seized by the Russian pilot had already interrogated.

13:07 Russian planes attacked another Georgian airfield.

13:06 In Georgia, introduced martial law. Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili at a meeting of the National Security Council announced that the decision to impose martial law in the country in connection with events in South Ossetia. Earlier on the possibility of the imposition of martial law in the country, Georgian media reported.

12:47 Georgia tightening troops to the border with Abkhazia. The Georgian side continues tightening troops to the border with the unrecognized republic of Abkhazia, claimed de facto authorities of Sukhumi. Polpred president in the Gali district of Abkhazia Ruslan Kishmariya said that Georgia per day significantly increased their military presence along the Inguri River.

12:46 Genshtab: Russia is not at war with Georgia.

12:27 Lavrov: the number of victims of the conflict in South Ossetia rose to 1500 people.

12:27 Defense Ministry acknowledged the loss of two Russian planes. Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces Anatoly Nagolitsyn reported loss of two Air Force planes Russia in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. According to the military command, were shot down Su-25 and TU-22. The fate of the pilots is not known.

12:16 Georgian Defense Ministry: Sbit Russian aircraft, the pilot captured.

12:10 In Tskhinvali and Tbilisi have been converted “downed” aircraft. Georgians claim that he allegedly managed to shoot down 10 Russian aircraft; representatives of South Ossetia said they shot down two Georgian aircraft.

11:55 RF Foreign Ministry accused Ukraine of inciting Ossetian conflict.

11:50 Defense Ministry: Part 58 army completely liberated Tskhinvali from the Georgian military. Battalion Task Force 58 – a Russian army completely replaced Tskhinvali from the Georgian military, said Army cupola Army General Vladimir Boldyrev. According to him, the city has organized the evacuation of wounded Russian peacekeepers and civilians in hospitals and clinics RF.

11:39 “NEWS”: The shelling of Tskhinvali stopped; firing point of the Georgian army suppressed.

In South Ossetia 11:37 transferred 76 units – and Pskov Airborne Division. Desantnikov relocated to the territory of South Ossetia, along with the staffing armament. In South Ossetia will be transferred to 98 units – th Airborne Division from Ivanovo, as well as special forces from the 45 – On a separate intelligence regiment, stationed in Moscow.

11:01 Russia took more than 30 thousand refugees from South Ossetia.

11:01 “NEWS”: Georgian artillery continued to bombard the Tskhinvali.

10:50 BBC Russian artillery attacked near Gori.

10:35 Georgian Foreign Ministry: Russian aircraft bombed the port of Poti. According to the Foreign Ministry, the port was completely destroyed. The Russian authorities have not commented on this information.

10:14 Georgian Defense Ministry said the success of the offensive in South Ossetia. The Ministry of Defence of Georgia claims that the Georgian units successfully continue the offensive in South Ossetia. According to the head office of David Kezerashvili, not only did not ceded any of the positions previously taken, but continues to occupy new.

09:50 Russian peacekeepers have begun “Operation peace enforcement”. About the beginning of the operation told the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev. Details operation has not yet been disclosed.

09:35 Fighters 58 – and the army broke the camp of peacekeepers in Tskhinvali. Unit 58 – Army and the North-Caucasian military district break through to the base camp of Russian peacekeepers in Tskhinvali. Peacekeepers delivered ammunition and food, measures are being taken to evacuate the wounded.

08:39 Defense Ministry: Georgia opened fire on a convoy of the wounded. The Georgian military, the Russian military allegedly opened fire on a convoy of the wounded, coming from South Ossetia in Russia; attack on a convoy committed bypassing the agreements reached under the mediation of OSCE.

In Tskhinvali 08:04 Russian special forces moved. In the zone of hostilities also transferred tank, artillery and intelligence units of motor-58 – and the army with full equipment. At the closest to the conflict zone Russian airfields available intelligence and attack aircraft.

In Tskhinvali 07:50 killed three more Russian peacekeepers. The total number killed in South Ossetia of Russian peacekeepers stood at 15 people.

07:19 Units 58 – and the army took up positions on the approaches to Tskhinvali. Units 58 – the army and Defense Ministry Russia on Saturday morning took up positions at Tskhinvali and began preparations for an operation “peace enforcement”.

05:17 Georgia derives half of the contingent from Iraq. Georgia withdraws from Iraq thousand.

03:27 UN Security Council again failed to adopt a decision on the situation in South Ossetia. The second night of back UN Security Council meeting ended without taking any decisions.

02:01 Georgia announced the evacuation of strategic sites. The evacuation was taking place in the building and the Defense Ministry Tbilissi, where the residence of Saakashvili.

01:46 Saakashvili is ready to declare a state of emergency in Georgia. According to the Georgian government, Saakashvili will make an appropriate statement on Saturday morning.

00:57 Air Force Planes Russia attacked the port of Poti and the military base in Senaki. The Georgian side said that as a result of shelling has killed and wounded.

00:33 Site Georgian Foreign Ministry came under attack by hackers. The site appeared Georgian Foreign Minister collage of photos Saakashvili and Hitler.

00:19 Kondolizza Rice called on Russia to withdraw troops from South Ossetia. “Russian troops must leave Georgian territory”, – says in the statement of heads of the U.S. State Department.

00:07 In South Ossetia shot down Air Force Su-25 Georgia. Cadres, confirming the destruction of the Georgian gunships, are shown in the broadcast channel “Vesti”.
]]> http://weaponsoffuture.wordpress.com/2008/08/10/116/feed/ 0 step15 Хроника войны в Южной Осетии: день второй http://weaponsoffuture.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/ammunition/ http://weaponsoffuture.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/ammunition/#comments Tue, 29 Jul 2008 09:06:00 +0000 step15 http://weaponsoffuture.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/ammunition/ ]]> A gun is nothing without a bullet. In early times, bullets were often made of iron, and could pierce armor, but later, lead was adopted because it was easier to mold. The bullet-shaped projectile was developed only in the 19th century, and so too was the cartridge.
The powder-and-ball era
To achieve any sort of accuracy, the ball fred from a smooth-bore gun had to be spherical and of an exact size. Rifing improved matters, but made the weapon slow to load; the problem was solved by the expanding bullet.
Transitional cartridges
Nineteenth-century gunmakers experimented with cartridges containing both propellant and projectile, which could be loaded whole. Wrapped in paper, skin, or fabric, they posed a problem for breech-loading guns, whose breeches had to be sealed. The solution was to switch to cartridge cases made of brass, into which the primer was integrated. This meant that the empty case had to be removed, but that was a small price to pay for perfect obturation (breech-sealing).
Musket/rifle balls The size of the ball was expressed in “bore,” being the number of balls of a set size that could be cast from 0.45 kg (1 lb) of lead.

Expanding bullets
These bullets had a hollow base. The force of the powder detonating caused the bullets’ skirts to expand and take the rifing.

Belted balls
To improve accuracy, barrels were “rifed” with pairs of grooves into which the belt on the ball ftted.

Teat-fire Cartridge
These were produced as a way around Smith & Wesson’s monopoly of the bored-through cylinder. The bullet is entirely contained.

Pin-fire Cartridge
The gun’s hammer falls vertically on the pin, driving it into the primer that is contained in the base of the cartridge case.

Sharps’ Cartridge
This case is made of linen. Its base was cut off by the edge of the breech-block when the action was closed.

Burnside Cartridge
Burnside’s breech-loading carbine incorporated a drop-down breech, loaded from the front. It was chambered for this unique tapering cartridge.

Westley richards “Monkey tail” Cartridge
This paper-wrapped carbine cartridge incorporated a greased felt wad at the rear, which remained in the breech until expelled ahead of the following round.

Snider-enfield cartridge
The cartridge developed by Colonel Boxer for the Snider-Enfeld rife had a perforated iron base and walls built up from coiled brass strips.

Paper-Wrapped Cartridges
The frst cartridges were nothing more than paper packages containing a measured charge of powder and a ball.

Rife cartridges
For a rife to fre accurately, its ammunition must be properly formulated. Bullet weight and caliber must be matched accurately with the weight of the propellant charge.

. 450 Martini-Henry
The Martini-Henry rifle’s cartridge was loaded with 85 grains (5.5 g) of black powder. The bullet weighed 480 grains (31 g).

.45-70 Springfield
The cartridge devised for the Springfield rifle was loaded with 70 grains (4.53 g) of powder and a 405-grain (26.25 g) bullet.

.30-30 Winchester
The .30-30 Winchester cartridge was the frst “civilian” round to be charged with smokeless powder; it had 30 grains (1.94 g) of it.

.303 Mk V
Until the 1890s, rife bullets were blunt-nosed. The British Army’s Lee-Metfords and Lee-Enfelds were chambered for the one shown.

.56-50 spencer
This is the rimfre black-powder round for which the Civil War-era Spencer carbine, the frst effective repeater rife, was chambered.

11MM Chassepot
After the Franco-Prussian War, the cartridge developed for the Mauser M/71 rife was adapted for the Chassepot rifle, which was converted to take it.

5.2MM X 68 Mondragon
This early attempt at producing a high-velocity round in a miniature caliber was designed in Switzerland for the Mexican Mondragon rife.

Pistol cartridges
In all cartridges, dimensional accuracy is essential. Cases that are even minutely undersize may split on fring, making them diffcult to extract. This is easily rectifed in a revolver, but less so with a self-loading pistol.

.44 Henry
This rimfire round had primer arranged around the base of its case. It was soon superseded by the center-fre cartridge.

.476 Webley
The .577 in revolver was unwieldy and a replacement in .476 in caliber was adopted instead. It, too, was short-lived.

.455 Webley
Webley’s first smokeless powder cartridge was more powerful than earlier types, allowing a further reduction in bullet weight.

.44 sMitH & Wesson russian
The revolvers Smith & Wesson supplied to the Russian Army were chambered for a cartridge of different dimensions.

.577 Webley
Many small-caliber bullets lacked the power to stop a man. Webley addressed this with a .577 in caliber revolver.

.45 Colt (thuer)
Alexander Thuer developed a method of converting Colt “cap-and-ball” revolvers to fre this tapering brass cartridge.

.44 smith & Wesson american
This frst .44 in Smith & Wesson was unsatisfactory, as the projectile was “heel seated,” rather than crimped in the case.

10.4 MM bodeo
The cartridge for the 10.4 mm Bodeo revolver, used by the Italian Army from 1891, gave a muzzle velocity of 837 ft (255 m) per second.

.44 alleN & Wheelock
Allen & Wheelock revolvers were chambered for “lip-fre” cartridges (similar to rimfre), chiefy in small calibers.

7.63 MM bergmann
The rimless, grooveless cartridge for which the Bergmann No 3 pistol was originally chambered was extracted by pressure alone.

.45 Colt (bénét)
Colonel S.V. Bénét’s 1865 version of the center-fre cartridge formed the basis for Berdan’s later version.

Shotgun cartridges
Only the very largest shotgun cartridges were made entirely of brass. Others had cardboard bodies.

Wildfowl Cartridge
Large cartridges such as this were loaded with up to ¾ oz (20 g) of black powder and 3½ oz (100 g) of shot.

10-bore Pin-fire
Pin-fire shotguns were still common long after other such guns had disappeared.

Ammunition Since 1900 following the development of the unitary brass cartridge, which combined all three essential elements (primer, propellant, and projectile) in one package, it only remained for the nature of those elements to be improved. Primers became more effective and bullets more aerodynamic, but the most important developments were in propellant. These took place in the last decade of the 19th century, frst with the advent of smokeless powder and later of a nitroglycerine-based mixture generally known as cordite; this replaced gunpowder entirely.

Rife cartridges.
Rife bullets acquired a sharply pointed nose and a taper toward the tail, which almost doubled their effective range and improved their accuracy. In these examples, both velocity (feet per second) and energy (foot-pounds) are measured at the muzzle.

7.7 mm X 56R JAPANESE
The fully rimmed version of the round for which the Arisaka rife was chambered had a 175-grain (11.35g) bullet and a muzzle velocity of 2,350 fps.

8 mm X 58 KRAG
This is an alternative chambering for the Norwegian Krag rife, which the Danish Army adopted. A 195-grain (12.7-g) bullet left the muzzle at 2,525 fps.

.5/12.7 mm m2
Developed for the M2 machine gun and adopted as a rifle round, the M2 has a 710-grain (46-g) bullet and a muzzle velocity of 2,800 fps.

416 REmINGTON mAGNUm
A development of a cartridge produced by Rigby in 1911, the .416 Remington produces a muzzle velocity of 2,400 fps and 5,115 ft-lb of energy.

7.7 mm X 56R ITAlIAN
Almost identical to the above, the Italian 7.7 mm cartridge had a 173-grain (11.25-g) bullet and a smaller charge that produced 2,035 fps.

.30-06 SPRINGfIEld
The .30-06 remained in US service from 1906 until 1954. Its 152-grain (9.85-g) bullet leaves the muzzle at 2,910 fps with 2,820 ft-lb of energy.

7.62 mm X 54R RUSSIAN
The “3-line” cartridge developed in 1891 was loaded with a 150-grain (9.65-g) bullet that left the muzzle at 2,855 fps.

.458 WINCHESTER mAGNUm
Developed in 1956 as a “big game” round, with a 500-grain (32.4-g) bullet, it give a muzzle velocity of 2,040 fps and 4,620 ft-lb of energy.

.470 NITRO EXPRESS
“Nitro” refers to the propellant, while “Express” refers to the bullet, which is hollow at the tip. Muzzle velocity is 2,150 fps, with 5,130 ft-lb of energy.

7.92 mm X 57 mAUSER
The SmK cartridge, as it was known, was loaded with a steel-jacketed 177-grain (11.5-g) boat-tailed bullet that left the muzzle at 2,745 fps.

.303 mKVII
This version of the Lee-Enfeld cartridge, with a 180-grain (11.66-g) bullet, developed a muzzle velocity of 2,460 fps and 2,420 ft-lb of energy.

.338 WINCHESTER mAGNUm
Developed for large North American game, this cartridge can be loaded with a variety of projectiles from 175 to 300 grains (11.34g to 19.44 g) in weight.

7 mm REmINGTON mAGNUm
Loaded with 62 grains (4,02g) of propellant and a 150-grain (9.72-g) “spitzer” bullet, this produces a muzzle velocity of 3,100 fps and 3,220 ft-lb of energy.

.257 WEATHERBY mAGNUm
A “hot” round, loaded with an 87-grain (5.31-g) “varmint” bullet, this achieves a muzzle velocity of 3,825 fps and delivers 2,826 ft-lb of energy.

.243 WINCHESTER mAGNUm
This short-case round delivers less power than a normal cartridge: a 100-grain (6.48-g) bullet leaves the muzzle at 2,960 fps with 1,945 ft-lb of energy.

.22 HORNET
One of very few high-velocity miniature rounds, the .22 Hornet was developed in the 1920s. Its 45-grain (2.9-g) bullet leaves the muzzle at 2,690 fps.

.30 m1 CARBINE
This “intermediate” round developed for the US World War II-vintage M1 Carbine is loaded with a 110-grain (7.13-g) blunt-nosed bullet, good to 600 ft (180 m).

7.92 mm X 33 KURTZ
The frst effective intermediate round, it was copied by the Soviet Union in slightly smaller dimensions. It was effective to around 1,950 ft (595 m).

SS109 5.56 mm
The NATO-standard SS109 5.56 mm round has a steel-tipped projectile weighing 61.7 grains (4 g) and achieves a muzzle velocity of 3,085 fps.

7.62 mm X 51 NATO
When NATO chose a new rifle and machine gun cartridge in the early 1950s it opted for one based on the .30-06.

5.45 mm X 40 SOVIET
This replaced the Red Army’s 7.62 mm x 33 round for the AK74 family. It is similar to the 5.56 mm NATO round in performance.

Pistol cartridges
The only signifcant change in the character of pistol ammunition after 1900 was the introduction of the high-performance Magnum load.

.5 ACTION EXPRESS
Developed for the Desert Eagle pistol, this 325-grain (21-g) bullet leaves the muzzle with 1,415 ft-lb of energy.

.32 lONG
Though a popular caliber for revolvers, the original .32 cartridge was low on power. A longer version was produced in 1896.

.357 mAGNUm
Developed in 1935, this has since been produced in many varieties. Average muzzle velocity is around 1,300 fps.

9 mm PARABEllUm
Also known as 9 mm Luger, this is the most common cartridge in the world. Countless freams have been chambered for it.

.44 mAGNUm
This round was developed in 1954. A 240-grain (15.55-g) bullet leaves the muzzle at 1,500 fps with 1,200 ft-lb of energy.

.45 ACP
Another iconic pistol cartridge, the .45 Automatic Colt Pistol round was developed for the John Browning-designed M1911.

.32 AUTO
A popular caliber for small self-loading pistols, the .32 has a 60-grain (3.89-g) bullet and produces 125 ft-lb of energy.

8 mm NAmBU
The Japanese offcer’s pistols issued from 1909 onward were the only weapons ever made for this powerful round.

9 mm STEYR
There are many varieties of 9 mm revolver cartridge; this one was developed for a pistol designed by Mannlicher.

.45 mARS
This was the most powerful pistol ammunition in the world prior to the arrival of the .44 Magnum.

.380 ENfIEld/WEBlEY
Made for the Enfield Mk 1 revolver, this 200-grain (12.96-g) bullet was almost as powerful as the .455 it replaced.

9 mm mARS
Severely bottlenecked cartridges are unusual in pistols, but the designer insisted on a heavy propellant load for the 9 mm Mars.

.38 S&W
This is the least powerful .38 cartridge; it gives the 145-grain (9.4-g) bullet a muzzle velocity of 685 fps and 150 ft-lb of energy.